The BABADEDA Crypter – an Emerging Crypter targeting the Crypto, NFT, and DeFi communities

 

The cryptocurrency market is now worth more than $2.5 trillion. Unfortunately, this fact is not lost on threat actors. As well as using cryptocurrency themselves to extract ransoms, cybercriminals are now also tailoring malware to exploit the booming market for NFTs and crypto games. In a discovery of critical importance to anyone familiar with this space, Morphisec Labs have encountered a new campaign of malware targeting cryptocurrency enthusiasts through Discord. 

Crucially, the crypter that this campaign deploys, which we have termed Babadeda (a Russian language placeholder used by the crypter itself which translates to “Grandma-Grandpa”), is able to bypass signature-based antivirus solutions. Although some variants of this crypter have been noted by other vendors, Morphisec is the first to fully disclose how it works.

For victims, this makes infections highly likely — and dangerous. We know that this malware installer has been used in a variety of recent campaigns to deliver information stealers, RATs, and even LockBit ransomware. Fortunately, however, even as the threat level for cryptocurrency users rises, we also know that Morphisec’s Moving Target Defense technology is capable of both seeing and stopping Babadeda. 

In this blog post, we will explore how Babadeda is being delivered, what an in-depth technical analysis of this malware tells us about it, and how it can be stopped.

Since May 2021, we have observed several malware distribution campaigns.  However, many of the recent infections we have seen appear to be related to a sophisticated campaign that exclusively targets the Crypto, NFT, and DeFi communities. It is precisely for this reason, as well as the fact that NFTs are rising in popularity, that we have decided to take a look at this particular campaign distribution in more detail.

For those who are not familiar with NFTs (Non-fungible token): the term refers to unique tokens that provide proof of ownership on data that is stored on the blockchain technology. In recent years, NFTs have exploded in popularity, and are now starting to enter the mainstream consciousness. Naturally, this growing trend in the crypto space has opened up a new vector for threat actors to exploit.  

The vast majority of today’s NFT and crypto communities are based on Discord (a group chatting platform) channels. Discord channels are publicly accessible and allow users to send private messages to one another within a channel. 

In the campaign that we observed, a threat actor took advantage of these features in order to phish victims. The threat actor sent users a private message inviting them to download a related application that would supposedly grant the user access to new features and/or additional benefits. Because the actor created a Discord bot account on the official company discord channel, they were able to successfully impersonate the channel’s official account.

Below is an example of a phishing message that targeted users of “Mines of Dalarna”, a PC game built on the blockchain.

Cryto blogFigure 1: Fake message on the discord channel.

If a user clicks on the URL within the message, it will direct them to a decoy site. There, the user will be encouraged to download a malicious installer that embeds the Crypter with the payload.

unnamed-1Figure 2: Original and decoy sites comparison

As you can see from the example above, the threat actor took extended measures to ensure that the delivery chain looks legitimate even to technical users. Typically:

  • Cybersquatting – the domain names of the decoy sites look a lot like the domain names of the original sites  Threat actors will usually remove/add a letter from/to the domain name or change the top-level domain.
  • The domains are signed with a certificate (via LetsEncrypt), which enables an HTTPS connection.
  • The UI of the decoy pages is very similar to the UI of the original pages.
  • Upon clicking “Download APP”, the site will generally navigate to /downland.php, which will redirect the download request to a different domain (this makes it less likely that someone will detect a decoy site).

Interestingly, on one of these decoy sites, we noticed an HTML object written in Russian. This suggests that the threat actor’s origins may be in a Russian-speaking country since they most likely forgot to translate the HTML object from their native language into English

unnamed (1)-1Figure 3: Lost in translation?

The following table shows a few examples of the decoy sites used in the campaigns we have observed.

Original Domain Decoy Domain Description IP Resolved Installer Name
opensea.io openseea[.]net
openseaio[.]net
The most popular NFT marketplace 185.117.2[.]82 OpenSea-App_v2.1-setup.exe
larvalabs.com larvaslab[.]com
larva-labs[.]net
The creators of CryptoPunks – The most popular PFP NFTs 185.117.2[.]81
185.117.2[.]82
45.142.182[.]160
LarvaLabs-App_v2.1.1-setup.exe
boredapeyachtclub.com boredpeyachtclub[.]com BAYC – one of the most popular PFP NFTs

185.117.2[.]4

185.212.130[.]64

BAYC-App-v2.1-release.exe

The Payloads

The following table tracks the RATs used by this specific campaign’s threat actor:

Dates Observed RAT C2
11 Nov 2021 – 22 Nov 2021 Remcos 65.21.127.164[:]4449
14 Oct 2021 – 22 Oct 2021 BitRAT 135.181.6.215[:]7777
09 Sep 2021 – 14 Oct 2021 BitRAT 135.181.140.153[:]7777
24 Aug 2021 – 07 Sep 2021 BitRAT 135.181.140.182[:]7777

 

babadeda crypterFigure 4: Execution flow diagram

During our research, we found different variants of the same Crypter — all of which contain the same main execution flow (denoted by the figure above). While investigating the Crypter, we saw how important it was for the threat actor to hide its malicious intentions inside legitimate applications in order to avoid detection. The following figure emphasizes the complexity of the evasive techniques that are implemented in the Crypter.

malicious activity

Figure 5: Low detection rate on VT

The Installer

Once downloaded and executed, the malicious installer copies its compressed files into a newly created folder with a legitimate-looking name  (i.e., IIS Application Health Monitor) in one of the following directory paths:

C:Users<user>AppDataRoaming
C:Users<user>AppDataLocal

The malicious files are copied along with many other open-source or free application-related files. At first glance, the files within the directory may seem legitimate. However, looking at these files carefully it becomes apparent that some of them are suspicious and should be inspected, as shown by the figure below. 

 

malicious babadedaFigure 6: The compressed files (malware files selected with stage numbers)

Crypter Execution

After dropping the mentioned files, the Installer starts execution via the main executable (number 1 in the figure above). 

We have noticed that at this point, some variants display a fake error message that stops the execution until the user interacts with the message. This fake message might be used as a security solutions evasion technique. Alternatively, its role may be to deceive the user into thinking that the application has failed to execute, even as it silently continues the malicious execution in the background.

babadeda application

Figure 7: Fake error message

By analyzing the two different variants, we can see the implementation of this message box:

babadeda crypter variantFigure 8: Comparison between variants

As we can see in the figure below, the function’s code is much longer compared to the actual DLL loading code. That’s because the actor has implanted its actions within a legitimate application code in order to confuse analysts, obfuscate its real intentions, and make it harder for antivirus solutions to detect.

 

malicious babadeda code

Figure 9: Left – the full function. Right – the DLL loading code

The Shellcode’s Loader DLL

The threat actor generally embeds the next stages of the execution inside an additional file, usually an XML or a PDF file. Nonetheless, we have also observed additional file types such as JavaScript, Text, and PNG.

Here, just like before, the actor embeds the malicious code inside different legitimate codes. We have extracted the relevant sections to clearly demonstrate the malware’s activity:

malicious babadeda codeFigure 10: Exported function logic

The malicious logic starts by reading the additional file (in this case an XML file) and calling kernel32!Sleep for 35 seconds (the duration changes between variants). Next, it loads this entire file to memory and starts its parsing task. 

The first piece that is parsed from the file is a shellcode located in a pre-calculated offset (in this case, 0x88D8C and overwrites the executable at offset 0x1600).

babadeda codeFigure 11: The shellcode bytes inside the XML file

The executable .text section’s characteristics are configured to RWE (Read-Write-Execute) — that way the actor doesn’t need to use VirtualAlloc or VirtualProtect in order to copy the shellcode and transfer the execution. This helps with evasion since those functions are highly monitored by security solutions. Once the shellcode is copied to the executable, the DLL calls to the shellcode’s entry point (shellcode_address).

Persistency Implementation

If the crypter is configured to install persistence, the loader DLL will execute a new thread that loads another DLL (from the compressed files) that will handle this task.

babadeda crypter

Figure 12: New thread creation for calling the persistent mechanism

The newly loaded DLL will either use one of the following logics or both of them to implement the persistency:

  • Write a.lnk file in the startup folder that executes the Crypter’s main executable.

blog pic 7

Figure 13: .lnk file persistence implementation

  • Write a registry Run key that executes the Crypter’s main executable.

babadeda crypter

Figure 14: registry run key persistence implementation

The Decryption Shellcode

The XML file (or any other file type used by the crypter) contains the following components:

  1. The first shellcode (referred to in this section).
  2. An encrypted additional shellcode (referred to in the next section, the Loader shellcode)
  3. An encrypted payload.

The Decryption shellcode has three main tasks: first, it extracts the Loader shellcode and the payload, then it decrypts them, and finally, it transfers the execution to the decrypted Loader shellcode.

babadeda shellcodeFigure 15: Decryption shellcode execution flow

The Decryption shellcode begins with dynamically locating the configuration structure by searching for a sequence of six or more identical bytes. This configuration holds pointers to the loader shellcode and the final payload; these are encrypted and split inside the XML.

babadeda crypter

Figure 16: Configuration and XML file’s structures

Based on this, we can identify the configuration inside the XML file:

babadeda crypter

Figure 17: Configuration structure

Using this configuration the malware iterates over each chunk copies it, and decrypts it using the denoted decryption key (the configuration changes between samples).

Then, the shellcode searches for two DWORD placeholders, 0xBABADEDA and 0xDEADBEAF. It replaces the first placeholder with the address of the decrypted payload and the latter with the size of the payload. This data is used in the next stage, the Loader shellcode.

The Loader Shellcode

The purpose of the Loader shellcode is to inject the decrypted payload within the currently running process (itself). 

We can divide the loading mechanism into three stages: initialization, injection, and correction.

Initialization

This stage is responsible for setting the relevant data that will be used during the injection and correction stages. 

babadeda crypter Figure 18: Extracting the data for injection and correction stages

To start initializing, the Loader first saves the decrypted payload address and payload size according to the placeholder’s addresses. Next, it parses the PE headers of the payload to extract the image size and the entry point according to the current executable’s base address. The Loader parses the _PEB structure in order to find the base address of the current executable and the LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY which will be used later. Finally, it dynamically loads the VirtualProtect function using a pre-calculated hash value (0xF1C25B45 in our case).

Injection

This stage is pretty straightforward. Within it, the Loader overwrites the current PE with the final payload’s PE. It does so by copying the PE headers and each section according to the current executable’s base address.

babadeda crypter Figure 19: Change headers protection and clear memory bytes for the new PE

Once previous bytes have been cleared, the Loader copies the new PE headers to the base address and each section to the relevant location according to the IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER.

Correction

The final stage is responsible for fixing the import address table and relocation table of the newly injected PE.

blog pic-1Figure 20: Fix tables and remove altering evidence

  • mw_construct_IAT 
    • Load GetModuleHandleA, LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress functions by hash (0x9FE4FCE1, 0x85557334 and 0xF23B576D respectively).
    • Iterate over the IAT of the new PE.
    • Load each function and update its address.
  • mw_construct_RELOC 
    • Calculate the delta between the previous image base and the current one.
    • Iterate over each entry in the relocation table.
    • Add the delta to the entry value.

In addition to fixing the import address and relocation tables, the Loader removes evidence of injection by using the following methods:

  1. Update the LDR data table entry to match the injected PE.
  2. Remove the injected PE headers from memory.

These steps attempt to evade memory scanners that seek mismatching LDR data and in-memory PEs.

Finally, the malware jumps to the entry point of the newly injected PE with the original command-line arguments.

As demonstrated above, Babadeda is a highly dangerous crypter. Targeting cryptocurrency users through trusted attack vectors gives its distributors a fast-growing selection of potential victims. Once on a victim’s machine, masquerading as a known application with a complex obfuscation also means that anyone relying on signature-based malware effectively has no way of knowing Babadeda is on their machine — or of stopping it from executing.

Mitigating the threat posed by Babadeda requires securing the device memory it targets. Morphisec does this through Moving Target Defence, a technology that morphs process memory trapping crypters like Babadeda before they are able to deploy. 

Get a demo of Morphisec Guard

The sample used in the blog post:

File SHA256
Installer 99e6b46a1eba6fd60b9568622a2a27b4ae1ac02e55ab8b13709f38455345aaff
difserver.exe 358211210e0bb34dd77073bb0de64bb80723f3434594caf1a95d0ed164ee87a1
libfont-0.6.dll ce3758d494132e7bef7ea87bb8379bb9f4b0c82768d65881139e1ec1838f236c
libxml3.dll 0ceead2afcdee2a35dfa14e2054806231325dd291f9aa714af44a0495b677efc
menu.xml 080340cb4ced8a16cad2131dc2ac89e1516d0ebe5507d91b3e8fb341bfcfe7d8

 

YARA Rule

rule BABADEDA_Crypter

{

       meta:

                description = “Detects BABADEDA Crypter”

                author = “Morphisec labs”

                reference = “https://blog.morphisec.com/the-babadeda-crypter-targeting-crypto-nft–defi-communities“

       strings:

                $entry_shellcode = {55 8B EC 83 EC 58 53 E8 F8 03 00 00 89 45 FC 8B 45 FC 83 C0 11 89 45 CC 8B 45 FC 8B 40 09 8B 4D CC 8D 04}

          $placeholder_1 = {8138DADEBABA} 

          $placeholder_2 = {8138AFBEADDE}

       condition:

 

       $entry_shellcode and all of ($placeholder_*)

}

 

Decoy Domains

aave-v3[.]com
abracodabra[.]net
alchemixfi[.]com
apeswaps[.]net
app.sushi-v3[.]com
arbitrums[.]com
artblocks[.]us
astar-network[.]com
avalanche-network[.]com
avax-bridge[.]com
avax-bridge[.]net
avax-network[.]net
avax.wallet-bridge[.]net
avax.wallet-network[.]net
avax.wallet-network[.]org
babydogescoin[.]com
boredpeyachtclub[.]com
bridge-avax[.]com
bridge-avax[.]net
bridge-avax[.]us
c-nft[.]net
casper-network[.]com
compoundfinance[.]net
cryptoblade[.]net
decentralands[.]net
diviprojects[.]com
dydxexchange[.]net
galagamesapp[.]com
hedera[.]run
illuviums[.]com
keep-network[.]net
klimadao[.]net
larva-labs[.]net
larvaslab[.]com
looprings[.]net
luckybuddhaluckyclub[.]com
mangomarkets[.]net
mineofdalarnia[.]net
monstasinfinite[.]net
moonebeam[.]com
near-protocol[.]com
network-avax[.]net
network-avax[.]org
nft-opensee[.]com
olympusdao[.]fund
openseaio[.]net
openseea[.]net
optinism[.]net
polkadot-network[.]com
projectseeds[.]net
projectsserum[.]net
rareble[.]net
rocketspool[.]net
secretswaps[.]net
sia-tech[.]net
solanarts[.]com
solsoulnft[.]com
sushi-app[.]com
sushi-v3[.]com
sushi-v3app[.]com
terra-money[.]net
thetatokenfund[.]com
wallet-avalanche[.]com
wallet-avalanche[.]net
wallet-avalanche[.]org
wallet-avax[.]com
wallet-avax[.]info
wallet-avax[.]net
wallet-bridge[.]net
wallet-network[.]net
wallet-network[.]org
wa let.bridge-avax[.]us
wallet.network-avax[.]org
wonderlaned[.]com
zed-run[.]net

Hashes

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Crypter hashes

amadey stealer

4d02224a7dadfc2d8a1343fdc51e4634a98bd073f867bfd091e667efd112108a
384292cad1c05552ccbd691de48865ce75375f7e601db66b3f5cad0f8f294d6c
5dd0e9ef811c199a06758d65b66d051d3b0057971b021df0928ede727fe17371
e312af68203fd80a2dd86a69460941ce29709424310abffd66fd7323a2b8ef6e

Cryptbot

83aa33a24f0751cae8342045071638739981304b37fc036da342f15ccebaf482
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58fba0f609b5363b1fbb792e0b2def924b770b2f57329f383cf691ef5988055e
1a31f5a7bc1c5782ab9e7a401a2a474ee75e571adfa1f7685c13258653e8af7d
2dc6785721bc9369090ce77d47b6b85eb4c9fba88d4c29675b5c98195c653f3c
89d3acf2cfd33516f0aaaf901226c1c8936c33ded480115cbb56b4d11fc0d405
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7c34b54d3dd6d4b36587667cb52201ca8412ec23e0a6d062cceddb703104d0c9
ca00f9b232a297b1896a96c01b4835cafa0b050d62b6b891b74d6c799e6e6d26
3f6c89a650f439f01b2435425946f5b5eab475da42ee04088fd552bc59644613
fd274f7faace98d5660ea1a13dd74cade60626bf10cc5e4a66c0c76d8e018ad8
496e1715c87a07b92d9214810bcd3fc6880b88b93246e94ad9421f3434076660
6ff84a220c1f0d6c078de2bc9961dcda11ea21eabebc86576798f5d1a0548e11
3d59fa24db23fb548796b2632a3c94ea6be2c2a64236b470bcbcb5bfc6e1d915
8a217e632ef9f099bae955699c9eb497c6227a642486f64c903a336fdd0f3ac5
03b9c509e7ff704be0431c541a3571360b52edac361b3d9ce627b4e93c53be17
bbe8ee94ed612d25d1378980dbe529ad018f1a2ed0521c0621f81ae54bc2d516
c885a22bdd7d046c4a616e639cc91dc94cabb972108bdc2d9540fcbe393241d1
1ef9df7881ad13c6865aa6161390df6580eb648c3c05a35db706c7b5d7a238f5
6009bf01b6ede3fd35ef88aee476c1cb77ed32c54fd467b2d6173b59af8510c2
d90f581c543cba58332c5c67e2a464387142e72bb9d6960bcc9dd52ef2a948f4
db9b014740b96a6b7e277cf456a19260533dadf8b36652d05e374b098c93f63c
df7f07f9b0c6ff27b0011f3a6daa5ca4b73f554b6a1ed319dce05919c3c4e18c
dc5ffac866a06926359e00872ce7cc7b85d2ddf09abdc3371ac101be4e7ed46e
98110cbc2802dc27b9d9fe5ba5ceeece06cf3ed93974dfeb1ce26f2b5c43e23c
75837a43d3df5f8ec3117279edcfc255c69be9aaf2eed9d0d3cc98bf3b06ae01
ae0cd5b88a754affa47410a0fa9d9b38582c21b8e06c32273206fa15551efdb3
beb4c0c6486545826c2ec5fa5ba44d02abeb20558e55f47c51366523cacdde27
50f424ee3a86842df558da44cc247fd7bd4d1d7bf5439b8732883aa840a9fceb
0bf886695f19c711bd63d145518301270e247830259eb29c83bd0ee135f53ee7
aa2e234a48e1f19d8dfd1885aa7ea0c73b1d22faee0f3b208dc65762e6ba374d
49caac5d027dadb4db266ac999842ed7ea10b245750f8b31af738b4bfdcc5ade
464f8fc360e64cdf07c837d5911f93b60cb99ee0ff531ffb0422652c7d6124d6
0ef94ff905ef764a4aab4cc90d657dd681b434e13df35c01c6473ee3813dd34e
64b451280c906afb57198e787eaa18780abd3932bc7cf3742a5e58ccb1ccf204

lockbit

778eb09cac51aa75b6e3c32e78adfe0e9292af40d0f800fb3ae569198945a9ef
5b9e6d9275e9523aa3945be891745442a07b936ee5236e23934250ba3844f65f
17c6f4e45d44bd4c06212139f521976b87ed5a6ddcd0e4e5e978e64dabb3883f
237bc833db8c72cedf0a09bd642567aa31cc74dd6bcfe5b67871f375d617ec85
446736e381fa8942f8d32cb4f2ae8fb6a9245fa0e70b7f7298ee7a5cb6fe9f32
668434940877f747a5d3adc745548bcfdcc881418f02e705204df2ad54a311cb
74b4d14d2d1af6642d5867eb89c277aa02f5e4ac667d87b5aca380f40eabe1bf
c920b2de025019e9a406e9b2f0ac2cbbfc18d65eac15f59ca8921c5fb4bfa240
d25116f1fe5c9a22fcf73c4c7358f93f1ad445bb9a602d18ff69f8fa29d0be0f
e80579baf175626787070bf61f75b4b810eb9d9bdb653972ad40797ee5ff82cc
1ee311c3f24397de3f6671b67a263206e78f8040f5ac2fc0182d0ee171c53228
4b3a396f8230fc87b7fc47aa1d7ed19c78867f3dd43fd570ea93748390be58d5

ursnif

04595c3111276f02b6dc2ece0778cb5829c086484aeafa24e0aac3d8479deb4b
e2c83783d6ab57ac91d99bfb9d607d0b5537e305661406bbf2347c3af92d3464
676a540a91b9ffb4a18af0f4355561f3579ee4cbbf0740a80e482af92e8cdc07
716ce7fe411f352686b4071074aa96e1456ab7a67445b3cf1c475e18a4e5ac25
ceba6a7f9a2c25a35090470c6209aefed808786c47194a18415a7898390c20cb
e203345d8120bd6d29e667bbceb92083ebb55e36b21cd22d669aa2f91830a656

smokeloader

79ae89733257378139cf3bdce3a30802818ca1a12bb2343e0b9d0f51f8af1f10
1ae5c809ea8fabce9c699c87416d73ba5ab619accef6deeb26c2c38f39323181
ee8f0ff6b0ee6072a30d45c135228108d4c032807810006ec77f2bf72856e04a

fickerstealer

bd8d1264a88d5cdd701a4ee909b70beaec39d216c988b33bfb30f25aee3540ee
1f53d6f4fb02c8663b9d377570953d07c56df297674b7c3847d1697f0e5f8165
cf88923b7d0287884870af999a8d64f90c7deeb4c4d09feed406472ff259b30d

Metasploit Reverse HTTP

b8990f204ca595e23562aa8063fd163651771626ba4acf45890f25315616fc1e

quasarrat

e8a8581cd3594a3937762f90d20ab889e7868bb88e9249f96222bd48643d7dea

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